小学英语全英说课稿1
PART 1 Analysis of the Teaching Material
（I）STATUS AND FUNCTION
1。This unit is a revision unit， so it covers all municative language knowledge learned from Unit 7 to Unit 11。
2。This lesson is the first one of Unit 12。 So if the students can learn this lesson well， it will be helpful to make the students learn the rest of this unit。
3。This lesson is a dialogue about keeping fish。 Such topic is related to daily life， so it is helpful to raise learning interests of students and it will be also helpful to improve their spoken English。
（II）TEACHING AIMS AND DEMANDS
Knowledge objects
1。 To make the Ss know how to keep fish， birds or any other animal by learning the dialogue of this lesson。
2。 To give a reinforced practice in the use of the Modal Verbs and some useful expressions for making suggestions。
Ability objects
3。 To improve students’ listening and speaking ability by reading and practising the dialogue。
4。 To develop students’ municative ability by learning the useful expressions for making suggestions and replying。
Moral objects
5。 To enable the students to love life and animals， protect the nature and environment。
（III）TEACHING KEY POINTS:
1。To make the Ss grasp and understand the way of making suggestions and reply in daily life。
2。To enable the students to use useful expressions for making suggestion and replying in their own dialogues related to the daily life。
（IV）TEACHING DIFFICULTIES:
1。 The usage of the Modal Verbs ，especially usage for making suggestions。
2。 Using the learned phrases and sentence patterns to make suggestions and replying。
（V）TEACHING AIDS:
Multi-media puter； OHP（overhead projector）； tape recorder； software: Powerpoint or Authorware
PART 2 Teaching Methods
1>Five Steps Approach。
2>Communicative Approach。
PART 3 Studying Ways
1。 Teach the students how to be successful language learners。
2。 Teach the students how to master dialogues and how to municate with others。
PART 4 Teaching Procedure
Step 1 Revision
Get the students to give some animals’ names they know by asking the students the following question: Can you give us some names of different animals you know? This step is employed to revise the words related the animals。 At the same time draw the students’ attention to the topic about animals。
Step 2 Lead-in
Sign to the students to be quiet and close their books。 Then start a free talk with the students。 Use puter to show some pictures of different pets， such as dogs， cats etc。 Ask the students several questions about raising pets。 These questions are employed to warm up the students and raise the interests of the students to speak English in class on the topics they like and familiar with。
Good morning， everyone！
Today， I’ll say something about Unit 9 Part A in Book 4 of Oxford English。
Background on the reformation of curriculum， this book can connect the life and act， emphasize the interest and experience of the Ss， the pictures are active and vivid。 Grade four is the initial stage of English learning， so it stresses on the emotion of the Ss， creates a well beginning for the Ss。 This Unit has 7 parts， we’ll learn Part A mainly， it embodies the repeating characterize。 Review the learned language points “Where’s…”and the new language points will be represented in the following units。 So this unit forms connecting links with a special meaning in this book。
The content of this period is to use “Where’s\are…” to determine the place。 And according to the contents and the fact of the Ss， I establish the following three teaching aims of this period:
The first one: students can listen， read， say and spell the following words: a glass， a fridge， an egg， bread and a table。
The second one: students can listen， read， say and write the following daily expressions: What’s for breakfast?
Have some juice then。
The third one: students can listen， read， say and write the following sentence patterns: Where’s\Where are the\my…
It’s \They’re…
There’s no …in \on \near…
I think the most difficult point of this period is to make sure the students can use the patterns “Where’s\Where are…and There is no …in\on\near…” in their daily life correctly。
And I will use some pictures， words and sentence cards， a tape recorder and the multi-media puter to help me achieve the aims。
The task-based method， municated method， group cooperate method will be used in this period。
To acplish the aims， I design the following steps:
Step 1 Songs and the game arousers the emotion。
In order to attract the Ss’ attention and construct an atmosphere of learning English， I let the students sing some English songs and play the game “Simon says”。 At the same time the game can review the prep， serve the knowledge as foil and consist the appearance of the knowledge。
Step 2 Change class to life， happy to say。
The substance of language is munication and the environment of munication is life。 So when I present the sentence pattern “What’s for breakfast?” I first show a clock to elicit the time for breakfast， teach the sentence。 Then show my own photo of having breakfast， Ss ask and guess。 In this way I can attract Ss’ attention， encourage Ss to ask Qs with the new knowledge。
Most of the Ss have learnt the sentence pattern: Where’s…? so I design a task for Ss to help Helen find the food and drinks for breakfast， and teach the new language points: Where are…?
They’re … Meanwhile stick the sentences on the Bb。
After some practice by asking and answering， I present the next language points:
There’s no …in\on\near…
Have …then。
And I will stick these sentence patterns on the Bb。 Finally I’ll let the Ss do pair works to consolidate them。
Step 3 Listen to the tape and Ss imitate to read and say。
As the new reformation of curriculum， emphasized the traditional class attach importance to the mechanical teaching， neglect the experience and participation， for example， the five-step method。 So in this lesson， after presentation， I ask Ss to listen to the tape with three Qs， read in different roles and in pairs， then try to recite the text。
Step 4 Ss be the main body， T makes a guider。
In class， Ss play as a host， and the T makes an influence on guiding， help Ss to act the learnt dialogue， it can stress the position of the Ss， and arouse their interest。
Then I show a carton with no voice， ask Ss to make a dialogue in pairs。
There are lots of ways to consolidate the new knowledge。 Playing game is a good way。 So according to the physiology of Ss， I hold a group petition during the game， ask Ss to finish the blanks。 In this way can develop Ss’ good habits and achieve the aim of mastering the learned knowledge in situation。
Step 5 Change class to life， learn by themselves。
Is this the end of the class? I don’t think so。 If there is an end， I think it should be in the life。 So I extend this class， encourage Ss to use the learned to municate with each other in their life。
In a word， the whole period is based on tasks， which are designed from easy steps to steps that are challenging。 When the Ss are carting out the tasks， they can acquire information， knowledge， and have their ability and skills trained。
Thank you！
小学英语全英说课稿2
Good afternoon， everyone。 I’m… from Tian yi School。 It’s my great pleasure to stand here。
First I’d like to say something about background of English teaching in primary school: It is not a long history that English is as a subject in primary school in our country and the main instructional aims of teaching English in primary school is to cultivate pupils’ basic abilities of their listening and speaking and their good sense of the English language。 And it is very important to develop their keen interest in English。
I。 Contents:
Today I’m going to talk about
This Unit is mainly about
It’s close to the 5s daily life。 In this lesson 5s will learn
II。 Teaching aims
According to the contents and the fact of 5s ， I made the following teaching aims。
1。 Aims of knowledge
（1） To enable 5s to understand and speak the words and phrases。
（2） To enable 5s to grasp the sentences patterns。
2。 Aims on the abilities
（1） To develop 5s’ abilities of listening ， speaking。， reading and writing。
（2）To improve 5s’ abilities of munication and co-operation。
3。 Aims of emotion
（1）To arouse the 5s’ interest in English。
（2） To train the 5s spirit of cooperation and consciousness of pletion。
III。 Key-points of this lesson
I think the key –points of this lesson is
（1）To enable 5s to read and stand the words and phrases。
（2） To enable 5s to use the sentences patterns
IV。 Difficult points
（1） To talk about
V。 Teaching methods and aids
Communicative Approach and Task-based Approach will be used in this period。
A tape recorder， CAI will be used ， too。
VI。 Teaching procedures and purposes of my designing。
To achieve the aims ， I designed the following steps。
Step 1。 Warm-up and preview
1。 Free talk between T and 5s about things in the classroom。
2。 Sing the song together: Books and pencils。
3。 Do some TPR， for example: Show me your English book。 Show me your crayon。
4。 Review the numbers by asking: “How many crayons do you have?”
Purpose: It is important to form a better English learning surrounding for the 5s by singing and doing some total physical response and at the same time it provides situations to review learned knowledge for the next step。
Step 2。 Presentation
Now I’ll mainly talk about this step。
1。 Present the patterns:
Help the 5s understand the meaning with the help of my body language。 Then lead the 5s to read the sentence。 Make sure they can say it correctly。
And then practice in pairs， in groups
2。Next continue to present the sentences patterns。
Purpose: To present the key structures one by one is much easier for the 5s to learn and grasp the meanings。
3。 With the help of the CAI to present the dialogue。 Set a situation to help 5s understand
A。 Watch and answer
Let 5s watch a cartoon with questions for the general idea。
Q:
B。 Read and answer
Let 5s read the dialogue carefully for details， and do T or F questions。
C。 Listen and repeat : Let the 5s listen and imitate the dialogue。 Pay attention to their pronunciation and intonation。
D。 Read and act。 Let S read in groups， in pairs， in class， between boys and girls and then act out。
E。 Read and plete
Purpose: CAI can provide a real situation for the 5s to understand the dialogue and the relationships between people better。
Step 3。 Practice
Play a game: Fun with English
I’ll give 4 tasks。
5s can choose one to finish。 If they do well， they can get some stars as a prize。 And have a paction。
Task-based teaching method is used here to develop 5s’ ability of munication and also their ability of co-operation will be well trained。 Proper petition can arouse the 5s’ interest in English learning。
Step 4。Homework
Purpose: Revision is so important that 5s should speak English as much as they as in class or after class。 It is necessary for the 5s to do some extensive exercises after class to consolidate the knowledge they learned
That’s all。 Thanks for your listening。
小学英语全英说课稿3
The lesson I am going to talk about is fom the teaching mateialBook One ，Unit 8。the thid pat that is used by the kids in Gade One 。
一、Analysis of the teaching mateial （说教材）
This is a dialogue that happens in the fuit shop 。seveal sentences suound selling and buying the fuit will be leaned 。Duing the fist and the second pat in this unit ，the kids have undestood simple instuctions and act accodingly ，and they can say simple wods ，phases o sentences by looking at objects and the pictues 。eg: lychee， banana， apple，"What’s this ?It’s an apple。"In Unit seven ，we gasped the numbes fom one to ten 。The main language points in this unit is to make sentences using the fuit and numbes feely and municate with othes in English in the fuit shop。 And pay close attention to the single and plual foms of the nouns 。Accoding to the kids’ English level and the coesponding content in the daily life ，I give them some exta extending 。To tain thei ability of municate with the othes in English ，I pepae the following design 。
Teaching aims （教学目标）
1。 knowledge and skill aims :（知识技能目标）
eview the names of the ten diffeent kinds of fuit and ecognize the numbes fom one to ten 。
Undestand simple instuctions about the numbes and act accodingly。
Pactice English and municate with othes in the situation。
2。 Equip them with the emotion ，attitude and value goals :（情感、态度、价值目标）
Cultivate the spiit of co-opeations in the goup wok
Bing up the good quality of potect and make fiends with the animals 。
Teaching impotance :（教学重点）
1。 Make sentences using the fuit and the numbes 。 "Six oanges ，please 。’
2。 Distinguish the diffeence between the single fom and the plual foms of the nouns 。"one apple two apples …"
3。 The sentences used when selling and buying the fuit in a fuit shop。
Teaching difficulties :（教学难点）
1。 Distinguish the diffeence between the single and the plual foms of the nouns 。
2。 Tain thei ability of municating with othes in English 。
Teaching aids ；（教具准备）
Multimedia ， flash cads ，fesh fuit and aangements and decoations of the fuit shop 。
Teaching methods :（教学方法）
Task objective teaching method 。TP method ， pefomance and games methods 。
二、Analysis of the leanes :（说学习者）
We ae facing the 5 to 6-yea-old little kids who just gaduated fom the kindegaten ，and they can not tell the diffeence between kindegaten and the pimay school。 sometimes they even don’t know how to behave in the class。 So ，I think the most impotant thing fo me to do is to attact thei inteests and make them love English and feel confident in this subject 。so ，I will play some inteesting games with them ，show them the funny catoon movie and ole the plays in the text o have a petation。 we should not only focus on the language point itself ，but also set up the eal cicumstance whee I can encouage them to expess themselves bette 。What I ty my best to do is to aouse the kids’ inteests and potect thei enthusiasm。
三、Analysis of the teaching methods （说教法）
says that duing the Foundation Education peiod ，the total goal fo English lesson is to impove the pupils’ ability of pehensive using language 。It pomotes task teaching stuctue 。Accoding to the little kids’ physical and psychological chaacteistics of keeping cuios ，active and imitating and showing themselves 。I adopt the "task –eseach—constuct " teaching methods and oganize the class to focus on the impotance and solve the difficulties 。I give the pupils an open and elaxed cicumstance in which they can lean to obseve ，think and discuss 。duing this pocedue ，the pupils’ ability of thinking and using language is developed vey well 。
四、Analysis of the teaching pocedues 。（说教学过程）[由Www.QunZou.Com整理] 1。 Wam up 。（歌曲热身）
All the class sing English song "Ten little Indian boys " to aouse thei inteests and help them to step into English leaning cicumstance happily。
2。 eview the fuit and the numbes those we leaned in the fist and the second pat in this unit 。（复习数字和水果）
A。 Watch a funny video 。 and answe the questions 。（lean moe fuit and pactice moe sentence pattens eg: stawbey watemelon pineapple chey） ask some questions 。
What’s this ?
What colou is it ?
How many bananas ae thee ?
Do you like eating bananas ?
What is you favouite fuit ?
Encouage them to open thei mouth and speak English as much as they can 。
B。 Play guessing game 。to eview the spelling of the wods using the basic ponunciation knowledge 。
C。 Play a game named "up and down "。emphasis on distinguishing the single and plual foms of the nouns 。
3。 Guide the pupils to the main teaching points 。（引入新课）
To pehensive use the numbes and the fuit that is a needed in a fuit shop 。Ask two voluntees to e to the font and choose the ight numbe cads and stick it beside the ight fuit accoding to the othe pupils’ instuctions 。The quicke one will be the winne 。
Eg: Six oanges ，please 。
4。 Time to pactice fo all the class （全体同学操练）。
The pupils choose the ight cads they have pepaed and put them up above thei heads when they hea the teache’s instuctions and give them to the teaching answeing loudly: "Hee you ae 。’
5。 Watch a video （观看多媒体，了解本课故事情节）
undestand what’s happening in the stoy ，（This pat is impotant， easonable and effective）and guide them to potect and make fiends with the animals 。
Pesent the situation of a fuit shop 。the teache will act a shopkeepe and invite a bette pupil to be the custome and finish all the buying steps 。
Shopkeepe : Good moning 。
Custome : Good moning 。
Shopkeepe : Can I help you ?
Custome : Yes ，six oanges ，please 。
Shopkeepe : Hee you ae 。
Custome : Thank you vey much 。
Shopkeepe : You ae wele 。
6。 Consolidation and Pactice（巩固和练习）
Goup wok : Divide the class into eight goups and evey goup will be decoated into a fuit shop， ask one pupil to be the shopkeepe and the othe membes in this goup will be the customes 。Encouage them to buy and sell the fuit with what they leaned in this pat ，I design a eal situation that is mon in ou daily life and the kids will not feel unfotable o unfamilia with it， The teache will go aound the class and supply the help to the unable ones 。In such a peace and pleasant situation they like to speak the dialogue they leaned to expess themselves 。They can feel the success and bee confident in speaking English 。
7。 Conclusion （总结）
The teache would lead the class to ead the sentences on the boad and ask some moe difficult questions 。Maybe the pupils can not undestand them clealy ，but it doesn’t matte 。we just give the pupils moe infomation about the language and give them the bette language cicumstances that can help them in the futue leaning 。
8。 Homewok : （家庭作业）
Encouage the pupils to design a little fuit shop at home and teach thei family the dialogue in the fuit shop 。When they pactice this ， they should take photos and show the othe pupils the next day 。
In this lesson ， what I design （not only the pesentation of the main teaching points ，but also the activities） attact the pupils inteests 。They lean and pactice while playing 。 I think it’s eally a good lesson of high quality。
9。Black design （ 板书设计）
（略）
小学英语全英说课稿4
Good morning， everyone！
Today， I’ll say something about Unit 9 Part A in Book 4 of Oxford English。
Background on the reformation of curriculum， this book can connect the life and act， emphasize the interest and experience of the Ss， the pictures are active and vivid。 Grade four is the initial stage of English learning， so it stresses on the emotion of the Ss， creates a well beginning for the Ss。 This Unit has 7 parts， we’ll learn Part A mainly， it embodies the repeating characterize。 Review the learned language points “Where’s…”and the new language points will be represented in the following units。 So this unit forms connecting links with a special meaning in this book。
The content of this period is to use “Where’s\are…” to determine the place。 And according to the contents and the fact of the Ss， I establish the following three teaching aims of this period:
The first one: students can listen， read， say and spell the following words: a glass， a fridge， an egg， bread and a table。
The second one: students can listen， read， say and write the following daily expressions: What’s for breakfast?
Have some juice then。
The third one: students can listen， read， say and write the following sentence patterns: Where’s\Where are the\my…
It’s \They’re…
There’s no …in \on \near…
I think the most difficult point of this period is to make sure the students can use the patterns “Where’s\Where are…and There is no …in\on\near…” in their daily life correctly。
And I will use some pictures， words and sentence cards， a tape recorder and the multi-media puter to help me achieve the aims。
The task-based method， municated method， group cooperate method will be used in this period。
To acplish the aims， I design the following steps:
Step 1 Songs and the game arousers the emotion。
In order to attract the Ss’ attention and construct an atmosphere of learning English， I let the students sing some English songs and play the game “Simon says”。 At the same time the game can review the prep， serve the knowledge as foil and consist the appearance of the knowledge。
Step 2 Change class to life， happy to say。
The substance of language is munication and the environment of munication is life。 So when I present the sentence pattern “What’s for breakfast?” I first show a clock to elicit the time for breakfast， teach the sentence。 Then show my own photo of having breakfast， Ss ask and guess。 In this way I can attract Ss’ attention， encourage Ss to ask Qs with the new knowledge。
Most of the Ss have learnt the sentence pattern: Where’s…? so I design a task for Ss to help Helen find the food and drinks for breakfast， and teach the new language points: Where are…? They’re … Meanwhile stick the sentences on the Bb。
After some practice by asking and answering， I present the next language points:
There’s no …in\on\near…
Have …then。
And I will stick these sentence patterns on the Bb。 Finally I’ll let the Ss do pair works to consolidate them。
Step 3 Listen to the tape and Ss imitate to read and say。
As the new reformation of curriculum， emphasized the traditional class attach importance to the mechanical teaching， neglect the experience and participation， for example， the five-step method。 So in this lesson， after presentation， I ask Ss to listen to the tape with three Qs， read in different roles and in pairs， then try to recite the text。
Step 4 Ss be the main body， T makes a guider。
In class， Ss play as a host， and the T makes an influence on guiding， help Ss to act the learnt dialogue， it can stress the position of the Ss， and arouse their interest。
Then I show a carton with no voice， ask Ss to make a dialogue in pairs。
There are lots of ways to consolidate the new knowledge。 Playing game is a good way。 So according to the physiology of Ss， I hold a group petition during the game， ask Ss to finish the blanks。 In this way can develop Ss’ good habits and achieve the aim of mastering the learned knowledge in situation。
Step 5 Change class to life， learn by themselves。
Is this the end of the class? I don’t think so。 If there is an end， I think it should be in the life。 So I extend this class， encourage Ss to use the learned to municate with each other in their life。
In a word， the whole period is based on tasks， which are designed from easy steps to steps that are challenging。 When the Ss are carting out the tasks， they can acquire information， knowledge， and have their ability and skills trained。
That’s all。 Thanks a lot for your attention。
小学英语全英说课稿5
Intepetation
Good moning， ladies and gentlemen。 It’s my geat hono and pleasue to be hee shaing my lesson with you。
I have been eady to begin this epesentation with five pats。 Analysis of the teaching mateial， the teaching aims， the impotant and difficult points， the studying methods， and the teaching pocedue。
Pat 1 Teaching Mateial
The content of my lesson is New Senio English fo China Book___ Unit____________________。 This unit is about____________________ （topics）。 By studying of this unit， we’ll enable students to know_________________________ and develop the inteest in___________________。 At the same time， let the students lean how to____________________ （functional items）。 Fom this lesson， it stats___________________________（stuctues）。 （As we all know， eading belongs to the input duing the pocess of the language leaning。 The input has geat effect on output， such as speaking and witing。） Theefoe， this lesson is in the impotant position of this unit。 If the Ss can maste it well， it will be helpful fo them to lean the est of this unit。
Pat 2 Teaching Aims
Accoding to the new standad cuiculum and the syllabus （新课程标准和教学大纲）， and afte studying the teaching mateial， the teaching aims ae the followings:
1。Knowledge objects （语言目标：语音，词汇，语法，功能，话题）
（1）The Ss can maste the usage of the impotant wods and expessions。
（2）The Ss can use the __________________ （gamma） in the pope situation。
（3）The Ss can undestand the content of the lesson， talk about _______________________ （infomation） and get thei own idea about _______________________________。
2。Ability objects （技能目标：听，说，读，写）
（1） To develop the Ss’ abilities of listening， speaking， eading and witing
（2） To guide Ss to set up effective studying stategies。
（3） To impove the student’s eading ability， especially thei skimming and scanning ability。
（4） To tain the Ss’ abilities of studying by themselves and coopeating 。
3。Emotion o moal objects （情感目标：兴趣，自信，合作，爱国，国际视野）
（1）By pleting the task， the Ss incease thei inteest in ____________________and set up self-confidence in _____________________。
（2）Teach the Ss_________________________， put the moal education in the language study。
Pat 3 the Impotant and Difficult Points
Based on the equiement of the syllabus。
The impotant points ae__________________________ such as ______________。
The difficult points ae_________________________ fo example_____________。
Pat 4 Teaching Methods
As is known to us all， a good teaching method equies that the teache should help Ss develop good sense of the English language。 Fo achieving these teaching aims， （afte the analysis of the teaching mateial and teaching aims，） I will use the following methods accoding to the moden social munication teaching theoies（现代社会交际教学理论） 。
1。 Communicative Appoach（交际教学法）
2。 Whole Language Teaching（整体语言教学法）
3。 Task-based Language Teaching （任务教学法）
4。 Total Situational Action （情景教学） a "scene — activity" teaching method ， it establishes a eal scene and the inteaction between the teache and the Ss。 At the same time， CAI （电脑辅助教学） can povide a eal situation with its sound and pictue， it can develop the Ss ceativity in leaning English。
Pat 5 Teaching Pocedue
Step 1。 Lead-in。 （_____min）
___________________________________________________________________
Pupose of my design: （1） to catch Ss’ attention about the classtopicpassage。
（2） To set up suspensedevelop inteest in _______________。
Step 2。 Pe-eading
Task 1。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Let Ss _____________________________________________________________
Task 2。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
___________________________________________________________________
Now， let’s see what happened to the_______________ let’s check whethe it is ight o not。
Pupose of my design: （1） to get to know something about the _________________。
（2） To have a bette undestanding about the impotance of ___________________。
Step 3。 While-eading
Task 1。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Skimming: Ss should ead the mateial fast to find out the main ideatopic sentence fo each paagaph。
Paa 1 ___________________
Paa 2 ___________________
Paa 3 ___________________
…
Task 2。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Scanning: Listen to the tape pat by pat to finish ___________________________。
Task 3。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Scanning: Guide Ss to ead the mateial caefully and take some impotant notes， then answe the following questions。
Task 4。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Scanning: Ask Ss to ead the mateial caefully and find out the coect answes to finish the following chat。
Pupose of my design: Enable students to undestand the given mateial bette by using diffeent eading skills。 And pope petition can aouse the Ss’ inteest in English leaning。 "Task-based" teaching method is used hee to develop the Ss’ ability of munication and also thei ability of co-opeation will be well tained。
Step 5。 Post-eading
Task 1。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
（接task3）Ask Ss to close books and finish the summay accoding thei notes。
（接task4）etell the stoy Sum up the passage in Ss’ own wods accoding to the chat。
Task 2。 （Individual wok， pai wok， goup wok， class wok； _____min）
Discuss _______________________________________________with othe goup membes and then choose a epote to shae thei opinions about ____________________________________ with the whole class。
Pupose of my design: I think If the Ss can finish this task well， they will benefit a lot in thei spoken English。 Most Ss can take thei pats in the activities， especially fo the Ss who have touble in English study。
Step 5。 Homewok
1。 __________________________________________________
2。 __________________________________________________
Pupose of my design: Homewok is so impotant and necessay fo to maste the knowledge they leaned afte class。 It will check whethe the Ss achieve the teaching aims。
